Modifying Ritchie equation for estimation of reference evapotranspiration at coastal regions of Anatolia

Abstract

Evapotranspiration (ET) is of great importance in many disciplines, including irrigation system design, irrigation scheduling and hydrologic and drainage studies. A large number of more or less empirical methods have been developed to estimate the evapotranspiration from different climatic variables. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) rates the Penman- Monteith equation as the major model for estimation of reference (grass) evapotranspiration (ET0) because of the fact that it gives more accurate and consistent results as compared to the other empirical models. However, the main disadvantage of this method is that it cannot be used when the sufficient data are not available. The FAO-56 PM equation requires quite a few independent variables such as solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity in predicting ET0. Worldwide, the weather stations measuring all these variables are few as the majority measure air temperature only. Therefore, for regions which may not be measuring all these meteorological variables, the temperature based models like Ritchie, Hargreaves-Samani and Thornthwaite equations is necessarily used instead of the FAO-56 PM equation. In this study, the Ritchie equation is applied on the measured data recorded at 158 stations at the Coastal are of Turkey (Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara and Black Sea regions of Anatolia), and the monthly ET0 values computed by it are observed to be smaller than those given by the Penman-Monteith equation. Next, average values for the coefficients of the Ritchie equation, which are constants originally developed in [6], are recomputed using the ET0 values given by the FAO-56 PM equation at all weather stations in coastal regions of Anatolia (Turkey). The Ritchie equation modified in such manner is observed to yield greater determination coefficients (R2), smaller root mean square errors (MSE), and smaller mean absolute relative errors (MARE) as compared to the original versions of Ritchie equation suggested by [6]. It is concluded that for estimation of reference evapotranspiration at coastal regions of Anatolia where the meteorological measurements are scarce, the modified Ritchie equation can be easily used for estimating the ET0 values.